- pregnancy or nursing - a history of granulomatous diseases - severe gastrointestinal diseases (clinically apparent malabsorption syndrome) - liver disease - kidney disease - individual intolerance drug - vitamin d supplementation - drugs known to affect vitamin d metabolism (e.g., anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, diuretics)

- pregnancy or nursing - a history of granulomatous diseases - severe gastrointestinal diseases (clinically apparent malabsorption syndrome) - liver disease - kidney disease - individual intolerance drug - vitamin d supplementation - drugs known to affect vitamin d metabolism (e.g., anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids, diuretics)