- any pregnant or breastfeeding woman - patient with an expectation of survival of less than 24 hours - dyspnea leading to heart failure - hepatic insufficiency - chronic respiratory failure - renal failure, clearance <20ml • min-1 • 1.73 • m-²

- any pregnant or breastfeeding woman - patient with an expectation of survival of less than 24 hours - dyspnea leading to heart failure - hepatic insufficiency - chronic respiratory failure - renal failure, clearance <20ml • min-1 • 1.73 • m-²