- previous history of olfactory-gustatory disorders - impaired cognitive function - history of neurodegenerative disease - medical therapy with possible effects on olfactory function - presence of rhinological disorders (sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, sinonasal polyposis, atrophic rhinitis, allergy) - history of chemo-radiotherapy of the head and neck region - history of stroke or neurotrauma - severe nasal blockage from stenosis of deformity - severe psychiatric illness (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, olfactory hallucination) - previous sinonasal - nasopharyngeal tumors.

- previous history of olfactory-gustatory disorders - impaired cognitive function - history of neurodegenerative disease - medical therapy with possible effects on olfactory function - presence of rhinological disorders (sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, sinonasal polyposis, atrophic rhinitis, allergy) - history of chemo-radiotherapy of the head and neck region - history of stroke or neurotrauma - severe nasal blockage from stenosis of deformity - severe psychiatric illness (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, olfactory hallucination) - previous sinonasal - nasopharyngeal tumors.

previous history of olfactory-gustatory disorders; impaired cognitive function; history of neurodegenerative disease; medical therapy with possible effects on olfactory function; presence of rhinological disorders (sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, sinonasal polyposis, atrophic rhinitis, allergy); history of chemo-radiotherapy of the head and neck region; history of stroke or neurotrauma; severe nasal blockage from stenosis of deformity; severe psychiatric illness (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, olfactory hallucination); or previous sinonasal or nasopharyngeal tumors.

previous history of olfactory-gustatory disorders; impaired cognitive function; history of neurodegenerative disease; medical therapy with possible effects on olfactory function; presence of rhinological disorders (sinusitis, rhinosinusitis, sinonasal polyposis, atrophic rhinitis, allergy); history of chemo-radiotherapy of the head and neck region; history of stroke or neurotrauma; severe nasal blockage from stenosis of deformity; severe psychiatric illness (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, olfactory hallucination); or previous sinonasal or nasopharyngeal tumors.